Lutetium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Lu
Th
Group Number
Not Available
0
18
Period Number
6
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
CAS Number
7439943
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Metal dust of Lutetium element is highly explosive.
- Lutetium metal is corrosion resistance and acts stable in air.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1906
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Lutetium metal is used outside research. It has commercial uses like Industrial catalyst for cracking oil refineries of hydrocarbons .
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,652.00 °C
19
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
3,402.00 °C
19
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
893.00 MPa
10
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa
8
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Lu
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.27
34
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14
28
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.73
20
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,340.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,022.30 kJ/mol
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
6,445.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.18 g/amp-hr
23
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
3.30 eV
33
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
71
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
71
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
104
30
142
15
Number of Electrons
71
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
174.00 pm
20
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm
20
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm
22
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
174.97 amu
40
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
17.78 cm3/mol
30
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
50.90 (-eV)
26
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
350.31 pm
99+
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
10
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.84 g/cm3
38
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.30 g/cm3
22
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
33
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.18 (Pa)
11
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.20 GPa
26
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
47.60 GPa
23
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
68.60 GPa
30
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.26
21
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.84
29
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
582.00 nΩ·m
9
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)
36
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.86 J/mol·K
24
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
16.40 W/m·K
99+
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)
40
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
355.90 kJ/mol
22
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
18.70 kJ/mol
13
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
398.00 kJ/mol
20
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
51.00 J/mol.K
30
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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