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Thorium vs Palladium

Thorium
Palladium
Palladium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Pd  
Group Number
0  
18
10  
8
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
2 * 10-7 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~0.0000003 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
Not Available  
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Not Available  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,963.00 °C  
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
29
320.00 MPa  
33
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
29
121.00 MPa  
36
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
36
3,070.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available  
1.72  
1
Reflectivity
Not Available  
84.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
2.20  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.35  
21
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.59  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
1.99 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
32
5.12 eV  
3
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90  
28
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
15
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
15
137.00 pm  
40
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
15
163.00 pm  
40
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
23
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
14
389.07 pm  
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
32
12.02 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available  
10.38 g/cm3  
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
21
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
22
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
24
121.00 GPa  
16
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
23
12.02  
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
0.10 106/cm Ω  
22
Electron Affinity
Not Available  
54.23 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
25.98 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
376.60 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
393.30 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
40
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