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Palladium vs Thorium

Palladium
Thorium
Thorium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Th   
Group Number
10   
8
0   
18
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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