Palladium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd
Th
Group Number
10
8
0
18
Period Number
5
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440053
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1803
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
24
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C
22
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C
33
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.75
9
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa
33
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa
36
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s
26
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.72
1
Not Available
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
38
1
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35
21
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV
3
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
46
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
60
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
46
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm
40
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)
99+
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm
25
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3
29
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3
17
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa
16
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.39
5
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.02
21
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m
29
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K
33
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K
23
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol
19
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol
18
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol
22
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K
40
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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