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Thorium vs Silver

Thorium
Silver
Silver vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Ag  
Group Number
0  
18
11  
7
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440224  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
-  
Discovery
In 1829  
Before 5000 BC  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
29
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.44 p.p.m.  
24
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
961.93 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,212.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
251.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
229.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
0.16  
99+
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
97.00 %  
1
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Ag  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.93  
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.83  
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.47  
28
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.87  
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.07  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,070.00 kJ/mol  
11
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,361.00 kJ/mol  
19
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
10
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
24
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
39
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
33
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
27
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
32
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
25
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
22
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
17
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
38
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
28
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
35
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
29
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
23
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
21
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
28
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
4.02 g/amp-hr  
7
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.26 eV  
27
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
47  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
47  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
61  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
47  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
144.00 pm  
38
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
172.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
107.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
10.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Palladium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Cadmium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
11.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
408.53 pm  
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.59  
26
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
10.49 g/cm3  
37
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
170.00 MPa  
21
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
14
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
100.00 GPa  
16
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
83.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
10.50  
39
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
32
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
15.87 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.63 106/cm Ω  
1
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125.60 kJ/mol  
5
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
25
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
25.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
429.00 W/m·K  
1
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,235.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
255.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
11.30 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
284.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
42.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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