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Thorium vs Praseodymium

Thorium
Praseodymium
Praseodymium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Pr  
Group Number
0  
18
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440100  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
-  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1885  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
935.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
3,130.00 °C  
28
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Grayish White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
481.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.64  
30
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Pr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.87  
12
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
2.70 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
59  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
59  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
59  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
182.00 pm  
13
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
203.00 pm  
9
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
239.00 pm  
18
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
140.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Cerium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Neodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
367.25 pm  
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
55.00 MPa  
37
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
13.20 (Pa)  
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
14.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
28.80 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
37.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.28  
16
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
19
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,208.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
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