Thorium vs Tin
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Sn
Group Number
0
18
14
4
Period Number
7
5
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Actinide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440315
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I41/amd
Space Group Number
194.00
5
141.00
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
- Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Unknown
Discovery
In 1829
Before 3500 BC
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000009 %
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
13
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
- Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3
10
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
1.40 p.p.m.
16
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
231.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
2,270.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
50.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
2,730.00 m/s
32
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
β Allotropes
Not Available
White Tin (Beta Tin)
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Sn
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.96
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.49
15
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.72
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.21
3
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.82
11
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.04
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
708.60 kJ/mol
33
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,411.80 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,943.00 kJ/mol
30
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,930.30 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,456.00 kJ/mol
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
4.42 eV
16
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
50
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
50
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
69
99+
Number of Electrons
90
28
50
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
140.00 pm
38
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
217.00 pm
23
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
118.71 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
16.30 cm3/mol
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
83.50 (-eV)
14
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
583.18 pm
7
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
7.37 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
6.99 g/cm3
34
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
17
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
18.00 GPa
36
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
58.00 GPa
20
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.36
8
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
7.31
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
115.00 nΩ·m
28
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.09 106/cm Ω
23
Electron Affinity
Not Available
107.30 kJ/mol
8
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.23 J/(kg K)
28
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
27.11 J/mol·K
20
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
66.80 W/m·K
25
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
22.00 µm/(m·K)
20
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
290.40 kJ/mol
32
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
7.03 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
301.30 kJ/mol
35
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
51.20 J/mol.K
29
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