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Thorium vs Tin

Thorium
Tin
Tin vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Sn  
Group Number
0  
18
14  
4
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440315  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
I41/amd  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
141.00  
10
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
  • Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
-  
Discovery
In 1829  
Before 3500 BC  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
  • Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3  
10
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
1.40 p.p.m.  
17
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
231.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,270.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
50.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,730.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
51.00 %  
30
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)  
β Allotropes
-  
White Tin (Beta Tin)  
γ Allotropes
-  
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Sn  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.96  
9
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.49  
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.72  
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.21  
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.82  
14
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.04  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,411.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,943.00 kJ/mol  
30
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,930.30 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,456.00 kJ/mol  
21
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
39
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
35
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
32
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
36
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
34
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
31
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
27
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,086.00 kJ/mol  
33
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
39
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.00 kJ/mol  
33
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.00 kJ/mol  
27
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
26
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
28
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
32
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.42 eV  
22
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
50  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
50  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
69  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
50  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
140.00 pm  
40
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
217.00 pm  
29
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
118.71 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
16.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Indium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Cesium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
83.50 (-eV)  
14
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
583.18 pm  
7
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
0.68  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
7.37 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
6.99 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
15.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
15
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
18
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
58.00 GPa  
21
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.36  
8
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
7.31  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
115.00 nΩ·m  
28
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.09 106/cm Ω  
28
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
107.30 kJ/mol  
9
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
28
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
27.11 J/mol·K  
26
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
66.80 W/m·K  
25
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
505.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
22.00 µm/(m·K)  
21
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
290.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
7.03 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
301.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
51.20 J/mol.K  
40
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