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Tin vs Thorium

Tin
Thorium
Thorium vs Tin


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sn  
Th  
Group Number
14  
4
0  
18
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440315  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
I41/amd  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
141.00  
10
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
  • Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
Before 3500 BC  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
34
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
  • Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3  
10
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.  
17
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
231.90 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
50.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
51.00 %  
30
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)  
-  
β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)  
-  
γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sn  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.96  
9
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.49  
19
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.72  
5
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.21  
5
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.82  
14
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.04  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol  
30
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
27
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,086.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
39
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol  
33
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol  
27
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
26
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
28
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
32
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.42 eV  
22
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
50  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
50  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
69  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
50  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
140.00 pm  
40
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm  
29
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
118.71 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Indium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Cesium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)  
14
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
583.18 pm  
7
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.68  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
15
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
18
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa  
21
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.36  
8
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m  
28
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω  
28
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol  
9
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
28
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K  
26
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K  
25
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
505.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)  
21
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K  
40
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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