Tin Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sn
Th
Group Number
14
4
0
18
Period Number
5
7
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Actinide
CAS Number
7440315
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
I41/amd
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
141.00
7
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
- Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
Before 3500 BC
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %
20
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %
19
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
24
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
34
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
13
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
- Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
NA
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3
10
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.
16
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
231.90 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C
99+
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa
99+
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s
32
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
Not Available
β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sn
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.96
8
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.49
15
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.72
4
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.21
3
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.82
11
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.04
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol
33
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol
30
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/mol
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
4.42 eV
16
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
50
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
50
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
69
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
50
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
140.00 pm
38
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm
23
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
118.71 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol
32
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)
14
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
583.18 pm
7
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm3
34
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
17
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa
36
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa
20
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa
36
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.36
8
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.31
99+
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m
28
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω
23
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
28
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K
20
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K
25
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)
20
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol
32
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol
35
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K
29
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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