Thorium

Zirconium

Thorium vs Zirconium

Thorium

Zirconium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

f block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Actinide

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74403267440677

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Martin Heinrich Klaproth

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1829

In 1789

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-4 %5 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0004 %~0.000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.05 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.66 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.

Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.02 p.p.m.0.10 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,750.00 °C1,852.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

4,790.00 °C4,377.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

3.005.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

390.00 MPa638.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

295.00 MPa820.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

2,490.00 m/s3,800.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2824

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.33

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA0.90

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.111.22

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.32

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.67

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol640.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,110.00 kJ/mol1,270.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

1,978.00 kJ/mol2,218.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

2,780.00 kJ/mol3,313.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA7,752.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA9,500.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

2.16 g/amp-hr0.85 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.41 eV4.05 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

9040

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

[Kr] 4d² 5s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

9040

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

14251

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

9040

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

179.80 pm160.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

206.00 pm175.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

232.04 amu91.22 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

19.90 cm3/mol14.10 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

59.30 (-eV)80.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

508.42 pm323.20 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.59

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.72 g/cm³6.52 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA5.80 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA330.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

31.00 GPa33.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

54.00 GPa91.10 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

79.00 GPa88.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.270.34

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.706.51

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Superconductor

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

157.00 nΩ·m421.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA41.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)0.27 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.23 J/mol·K25.36 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

54.00 W/m·K22.60 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

11.00 µm/(m·K)5.70 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol581.60 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol20.90 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol598.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.K39.00 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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