Thorium Yttrium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Y
Group Number
0
18
3
15
Period Number
7
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440655
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Johan Gadolin
Discovery
In 1829
In 1794
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
7 * 10-7 %
17
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
25
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,523.00 °C
27
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
3,337.00 °C
21
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
589.00 MPa
22
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
3,300.00 m/s
23
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Y
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.22
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.65
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.12
38
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.78
16
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
7th Energy level
Not Available
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
8th Energy Level
Not Available
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
10th Energy Level
Not Available
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
11th Energy Level
Not Available
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
12th Energy Level
Not Available
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
39
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
39
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
50
99+
Number of Electrons
90
28
39
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
190.00 pm
18
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
88.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
19.80 cm3/mol
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
48.00 (-eV)
30
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
364.74 pm
31
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
16
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
4.47 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
4.24 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
4.27 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
25.60 GPa
30
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
41.20 GPa
30
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
63.50 GPa
32
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.24
26
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
4.47
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
596.00 nΩ·m
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
29.60 kJ/mol
30
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
26.53 J/mol·K
27
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
17.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
393.00 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
17.15 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
418.00 kJ/mol
18
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
44.40 J/mol.K
33
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