Symbol
Tm
Pb
Group Number
314
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
66
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74403047439921
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
-
Discovery
In 1879
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
-
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
-
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.21 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.30.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C327.50 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C1,740.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.251.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa38.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa38.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s1,190.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.602.02
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
35.00 %5.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Tm
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3235
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.251.87
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.252.29
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.55
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.252.41
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.251.85
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.751.67
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol1,450.50 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol3,081.50 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol4,083.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol6,640.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol71,500.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol71,500.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr3.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV4.25 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
6982
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
6982
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
100125
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
6982
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm175.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm146.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm202.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu207.20 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol18.17 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)24.20 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm495.08 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.571.51
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm311.34 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm310.66 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa12.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)1.64 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa5.60 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa46.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa16.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.210.44
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.3211.35
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m208.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol35.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K26.65 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K35.30 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K600.61 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)28.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol179.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol4.77 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol194.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K64.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻