1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74403047429905
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
- Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
- It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Hans Christian Oersted
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %5 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %~0.006 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.39 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,545.00 °C660.37 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C2,467.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery Gray
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa160.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol1,816.70 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol2,744.80 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol11,577.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA14,842.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA18,379.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA23,326.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA27,465.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA31,853.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA38,473.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA42,647.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr0.34 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm143.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm121.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
6.6 Atomic Weight
168.93 amu26.98 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol10.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)80.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
353.75 pm404.95 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm32.70 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm32.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa26.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa76.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa70.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m28.20 nΩ·m
0.18
961
1.0.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.38 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
1.2.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol42.50 kJ/mol
0
222.8
2 Thermal
2.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.90 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
2.5 Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K24.20 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
2.8 Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K237.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
3.5 Critical Temperature
3.6 Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)23.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
3.7 Enthalpy
3.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol293.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
3.7.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol10.67 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
3.7.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol322.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
4.3 Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K28.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1