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Thulium
Thulium

Beryllium
Beryllium



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Thulium vs Beryllium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Tm
Be
1.2 Group Number
NA2
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
62
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
s block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
1.6 CAS Number
74403047440417
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1879
In 1797
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %1 * 10-7 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %~0.00000001 %
Palladium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Unknown
Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,545.00 °C1,278.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C2,970.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery Gray
White Gray
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NA5.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa590.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa1,670.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
NA12,890.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
1.2.1 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
1.3 Allotropes
1.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
1.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
1.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2 Chemical
2.1 Chemical Formula
Tm
Be
2.2 Isotopes
2.2.1 Known Isotopes
329
Tennessine
0 38
1.3 Electronegativity
1.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.251.57
Francium
0.7 2.54
1.7.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA1.81
Cesium
0.22 2.56
2.3.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.47
Cesium
0.86 1.82
2.6.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA1.54
Cesium
0.62 2.48
2.6.3 Allen Electronegativity
NA1.58
Cesium
0.659 2.7
3.5 Electropositivity
3.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.752.43
Gold
1.46 3.3
3.6 Ionization Energies
3.6.1 1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol899.50 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
3.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol1,757.10 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
3.6.5 3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol14,848.70 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
3.6.7 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol21,006.60 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
4.2.4 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
4.2.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
4.2.9 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
6.1.1 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
6.2.4 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
6.3.2 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
7.1.1 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
7.2.1 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
7.2.3 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
7.5.1 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
7.5.3 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
7.6.3 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
8.2.2 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
8.3.1 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
8.4.2 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
8.5.2 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
8.5.5 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
8.5.6 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
9.2.3 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
9.2.5 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
9.3.2 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
9.3.4 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
9.3.6 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
9.4.2 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
9.4.4 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
9.5.2 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr0.17 g/amp-hr
Palladium
0.16812 8.3209
9.7 Electron Work Function
NA4.98 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
9.9 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
694
Lithium
3 117
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[He] 2s2
10.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
694
Lithium
3 117
10.5.4 Number of Neutrons
1005
Lithium
4 184
10.5.8 Number of Electrons
694
Lithium
3 117
10.6 Radius of an Atom
10.6.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm112.00 pm
Palladium
112 265
10.6.4 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm96.00 pm
Palladium
96 260
10.6.5 Van der Waals Radius
NA153.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
10.7 Atomic Weight
168.93 amu9.01 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
10.8 Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol5.00 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
10.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.9.1 Previous Element
10.9.2 Next Element
10.10 Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)82.00 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
10.11 Lattice Constant
353.75 pm228.58 pm
Palladium
228.58 891.25
10.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.571.57
Cadmium
1.567 1.886
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm31.85 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
11.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm31.69 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
11.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
11.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
11.4.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa132.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
11.5.6 Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa130.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
11.5.10 Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa287.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
0.210.03
Iron
0.032 0.47
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
9.321.85
Lithium
0.53 4500
12.1.4 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
12.1.5 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
12.1.7 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
12.3 Electrical Properties
12.3.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
12.3.2 Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m36.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
12.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.31 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
13.1.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)1.82 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
14.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K16.44 J/mol·K
Palladium
16.443 62.7
14.3 Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K200.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
14.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
14.6 Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)11.30 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
14.9 Enthalpy
14.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol294.70 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
15.1.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol11.72 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
15.5.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol326.40 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K9.50 J/mol.K
Palladium
9.5 198.1