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Thulium
Thulium

Cerium
Cerium



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Thulium vs Cerium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Tm
Ce
1.2 Group Number
NANA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74403047440451
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1879
In 1803
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %1 * 10-6 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %~0.0000004 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Unknown
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA2.70 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,545.00 °C795.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C3,257.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NA2.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa186.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa210.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
NA2,100.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Tm
Ce
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3230
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.251.12
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.08
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.752.88
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,325.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA7,490.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
NA2.84 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6958
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6958
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10082
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6958
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm181.80 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm204.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
NA235.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
168.93 amu140.12 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
353.75 pm362.00 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57NA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
Palladium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA1.04 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa13.50 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa21.50 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa33.60 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.210.24
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
9.326.77
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1