Thulium

Cobalt

Thulium vs Cobalt

Thulium

Cobalt

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NA9

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

f block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Lanthanide

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74403047440484

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.

The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.

It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Per Teodor Cleve

Georg Brandt

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1879

In 1732

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-8 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.00000002 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.06 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.

Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Unknown

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

NA0.04 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NA0.04 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,545.00 °C1,495.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,730.00 °C2,870.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery Gray

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA5.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

471.00 MPa470.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

520.00 MPa1,043.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA4,720.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA67.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-Cobalt

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-Cobalt

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3226

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.251.88

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA2.56

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.111.70

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.84

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.752.12

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

596.70 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,160.00 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,285.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,120.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA7,670.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA9,840.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA12,440.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA15,230.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA17,959.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA26,570.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA29,400.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA32,400.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA36,600.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA39,700.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA42,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA49,396.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA52,737.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA134,810.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA145,170.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NA154,700.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NA167,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

1.4.2 22nd Energy Level

NA178,100.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

1.4.3 23rd Energy Level

NA189,300.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

1.4.4 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

1.4.6 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

1.4.7 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

1.4.8 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

1.4.9 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

1.4.11 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

1.4.12 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

1.5 Electrochemical Equivalent

2.10 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

1.6 Electron Work Function

NA5.00 eV

2.14 5.65

1.7 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Ionization

2 Atomic

2.1 Atomic Number

6922

3 117

2.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²

[Ar] 3d² 4s²

2.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

2.3.1 Crystal Lattice

2.4 Atom

2.4.1 Number of Protons

6922

3 117

2.4.2 Number of Neutrons

10026

4 184

2.4.3 Number of Electrons

6922

3 117

2.5 Radius of an Atom

2.5.1 Atomic Radius

176.00 pm147.00 pm

112 265

2.5.2 Covalent Radius

160.00 pm160.00 pm

96 260

2.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

NA200.00 pm

139 348

2.6 Atomic Weight

168.93 amu47.87 amu

6.94 294

2.7 Atomic Volume

18.10 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

2.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

2.8.1 Previous Element

2.8.2 Next Element

2.9 Valence Electron Potential

49.70 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)

8 392.42

2.10 Lattice Constant

353.75 pm295.08 pm

228.58 891.25

2.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

2.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.57NA

1.567 1.886

3 Mechanical

3.1 Density

3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

9.32 g/cm³4.51 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

8.56 g/cm34.11 g/cm3

0.512 20

3.2 Tensile Strength

NA434.00 MPa

2.5 11000

3.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

3.4 Vapor Pressure

3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.06 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.98 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

3.5 Elasticity properties

3.5.1 Shear Modulus

30.50 GPa44.00 GPa

1.3 222

3.5.2 Bulk Modulus

44.50 GPa110.00 GPa

1.6 462

3.5.3 Young's Modulus

74.00 GPa116.00 GPa

1.7 528

3.6 Poisson Ratio

0.210.32

0.032 0.47

3.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Ductile

4 Magnetic

4.1 Magnetic Characteristics

4.1.1 Specific Gravity

9.324,500.00

0.53 4500

4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

4.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

4.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

4.2 Electrical Properties

4.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Poor Conductor

4.2.2 Resistivity

676.00 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

4.2.4 Electron Affinity

50.00 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol

0 222.8

5 Thermal

5.1 Specific Heat

0.16 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

5.2 Molar Heat Capacity

27.03 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

5.3 Thermal Conductivity

16.90 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

5.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

5.5 Thermal Expansion

13.30 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

5.6 Enthalpy

5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

191.00 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

16.80 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

247.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

5.7 Standard Molar Entropy

74.00 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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