Symbol
Tm
Ni
Group Number
310
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
64
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74403047440020
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Discovery
In 1879
In 1751
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.01 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.01 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %1.30 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
Industrial Uses
-
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
-
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.05 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C1,453.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C2,732.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.254.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa667.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa638.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s4,900.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.601.68
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
35.00 %72.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Tm
Ni
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3225
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.251.91
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.251.94
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.75
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.251.91
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.251.88
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.752.09
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol1,753.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol3,395.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol5,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol7,339.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol10,400.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol12,800.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol15,600.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol18,600.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol21,670.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol30,970.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol34,000.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol37,100.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol41,500.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol44,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol48,100.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol55,101.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol58,570.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol148,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol159,000.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol169,400.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol182,700.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol194,000.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol737.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV5.15 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
6928
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
6928
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
10031
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
6928
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm124.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm124.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm163.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu58.69 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol6.59 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)42.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm352.40 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.571.86
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm38.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm37.81 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa345.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)19.50 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa76.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa180.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa200.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.210.31
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.328.90
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.00600.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m69.30 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol112.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.44 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K26.07 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K90.90 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K1,728.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol371.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol422.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K29.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻