1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74403047440053
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
William Hyde Wollaston
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %~0.0000003 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,545.00 °C1,554.90 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C2,963.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa320.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa121.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol520.23 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol7,298.22 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol11,815.13 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
1.2.1 10th Energy Level
1.2.2 11th Energy Level
1.3.1 12th Energy Level
1.6.1 13th Energy Level
1.8.1 14th Energy Level
1.8.2 15th Energy Level
2.4.2 16th Energy Level
2.4.4 17th Energy Level
2.4.5 18th Energy Level
2.4.7 19th Energy Level
2.4.9 20th Energy Level
2.4.10 21st Energy Level
2.4.11 22nd Energy Level
2.4.13 23rd Energy Level
2.4.15 24th Energy Level
2.4.16 25th Energy Level
3.2.4 26th Energy Level
3.2.5 27th Energy Level
3.2.7 28th Energy Level
4.1.1 29th Energy Level
4.1.2 30th Energy Level
4.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr1.99 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
4.4 Electron Work Function
4.7 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
5 Atomic
5.1 Atomic Number
5.2 Electron Configuration
5.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
5.3.1 Crystal Lattice
5.4 Atom
5.4.1 Number of Protons
5.4.3 Number of Neutrons
5.4.5 Number of Electrons
5.6 Radius of an Atom
5.6.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm137.00 pm
112
265
5.6.2 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm139.00 pm
96
260
5.7.2 Van der Waals Radius
5.8 Atomic Weight
168.93 amu106.42 amu
6.94
294
6.2 Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol8.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.4 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.4.1 Previous Element
6.4.2 Next Element
6.5 Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)33.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.7 Lattice Constant
353.75 pm389.07 pm
228.58
891.25
6.8 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.9 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm312.02 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm310.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.6 Elasticity properties
7.6.1 Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa44.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.7.2 Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa180.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.7.4 Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa121.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.8 Poisson Ratio
7.9 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m105.40 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.10 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol54.23 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K25.98 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K71.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)11.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol376.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol16.74 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol393.30 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K37.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1