Symbol
U
Th
Group Number
00
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
77
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Actinide
CAS Number
74406117440326
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Cmcm
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
63.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Major mining countries of Uranium include Russia, Australia, Namibia, Canada and Niger and total 33% Uranium are mine in Kazakhstan.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
-
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1789
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.05 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.66 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- The main use of this metal include nuclear fuel which is used to generate electricity yin nuclear power stations.
-
Synthetic elements like transuranium are made from Uranium metal.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Nuclear Reactor's Fuel, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
1.20 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,132.00 °C1,750.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,818.00 °C4,790.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.003.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
2,350.00 MPa390.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,960.00 MPa295.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,155.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.381.60
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
80.00 %15.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
U
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2528
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.381.30
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.381.30
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.221.11
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.381.30
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.381.30
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.622.70
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,420.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
1,900.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,145.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,976.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,976.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,970.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,976.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,976.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,976.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,976.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,970.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,970.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,970.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol58,700.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol58,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,976.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
597.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
597.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
597.60 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.48 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.63 eV3.41 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Number
9290
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
9290
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
146142
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
9290
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm179.80 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm206.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
186.00 pm237.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
238.03 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
12.59 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm508.42 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.021.10
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.10 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.30 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
100.00 MPa75.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.01 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
111.00 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa54.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
208.00 GPa79.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.230.27
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
18.8011.70
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
0.28 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
27.67 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
27.50 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,405.00 K2,023.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
13.90 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
477.00 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
489.50 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
50.20 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻