Symbol
Yb
Ca
Group Number
32
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
64
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
74406447440702
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In 1878
In 1808
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.01 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.01 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %1.10 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %5.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %1.40 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
-
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-360.50 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
2.10 p.p.m.170,000.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
824.00 °C839.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C1,484.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.001.75
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
343.00 MPa170.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
206.00 MPa170.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.601.54
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
30.00 %60.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Yb
Ca
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3019
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.101.00
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.100.95
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.061.04
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.101.08
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.101.03
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.203.00
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol1,145.40 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol4,912.40 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol6,491.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
6,150.00 kJ/mol8,153.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
6,030.00 kJ/mol10,496.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
6,150.00 kJ/mol12,270.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
6,034.00 kJ/mol14,206.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
6,150.00 kJ/mol18,191.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
6,150.00 kJ/mol20,385.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
6,150.00 kJ/mol57,110.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
6,030.00 kJ/mol63,410.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
6,030.00 kJ/mol70,110.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
6,030.00 kJ/mol78,890.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
60,300.00 kJ/mol86,310.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
60,300.00 kJ/mol94,000.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol104,900.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
6,110.00 kJ/mol111,711.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
603.00 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
615.00 kJ/mol590.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
603.00 kJ/mol590.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol590.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.20 eV2.87 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Number
7020
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
[Ar] 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
7020
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
10320
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
7020
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm197.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm176.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
242.00 pm231.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
173.05 amu40.08 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)29.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
548.47 pm558.84 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.611.55
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm31.55 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm31.38 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
58.00 MPa20.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)25.50 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
9.90 GPa7.40 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
30.50 GPa17.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa20.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.210.31
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.974.58
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω0.30 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol2.37 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K25.93 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
26.30 K1,115.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻