1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
74406447440666
7429905
54386242
1.9 Space Group Name
1.10 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Indian metallurgists
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %3 * 10-5 %
5E-09
0.11
3.1.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0002 %
1E-08
0.1
4.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
4.7.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.7.4 Abundance In Oceans
4.7.7 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
NA7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.3.2 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
824.00 °C419.58 °C
27
3410
6.5 Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C907.00 °C
147
5660
6.9 Appearance
6.9.1 Physical State
6.9.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
6.9.3 Luster
6.10 Hardness
6.10.1 Mohs Hardness
7.1.2 Brinell Hardness
343.00 MPa327.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.2.2 Vickers Hardness
7.7 Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s3,850.00 m/s
818
16200
8.3 Optical Properties
8.3.1 Refractive Index
8.4.3 Reflectivity
8.5 Allotropes
8.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.6 Electronegativity
9.6.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.1.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
10.2.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.3.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.3.6 Allen Electronegativity
11.3 Electropositivity
11.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
11.5 Ionization Energies
11.5.1 1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol906.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
11.8.1 2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol1,733.30 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
12.2.2 3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol3,833.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
12.2.6 4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol5,731.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
12.2.9 5th Energy Level
NA7,970.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
12.4.3 6th Energy Level
NA10,400.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
12.4.5 7th Energy level
NA12,900.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
12.4.6 8th Energy Level
NA16,800.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
12.4.8 9th Energy Level
NA19,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
12.4.9 10th Energy Level
NA23,000.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
13.1.1 11th Energy Level
NA26,400.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
13.2.1 12th Energy Level
NA29,990.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
13.3.1 13th Energy Level
NA40,490.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
13.4.1 14th Energy Level
NA43,800.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
13.5.1 15th Energy Level
NA47,300.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
13.5.2 16th Energy Level
NA52,300.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
13.6.2 17th Energy Level
NA55,900.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
13.6.4 18th Energy Level
NA59,700.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
13.6.5 19th Energy Level
NA67,300.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
13.6.7 20th Energy Level
NA171,200.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
13.6.8 21st Energy Level
NA179,100.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
13.7.1 22nd Energy Level
13.7.2 23rd Energy Level
13.7.3 24th Energy Level
13.7.4 25th Energy Level
13.7.5 26th Energy Level
13.7.6 27th Energy Level
13.7.7 28th Energy Level
13.7.8 29th Energy Level
13.7.9 30th Energy Level
13.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr1.22 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
13.9 Electron Work Function
13.10 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
14.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
14.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
14.3.1 Crystal Lattice
14.4 Atom
14.4.1 Number of Protons
14.4.2 Number of Neutrons
14.4.3 Number of Electrons
14.5 Radius of an Atom
14.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
14.5.2 Covalent Radius
187.00 pm122.00 pm
96
260
14.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
242.00 pm139.00 pm
139
348
14.6 Atomic Weight
173.05 amu65.38 amu
6.94
294
14.7 Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol9.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.8.1 Previous Element
14.8.2 Next Element
14.9 Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)38.90 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.10 Lattice Constant
548.47 pm266.49 pm
228.58
891.25
14.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
14.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm37.14 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm36.57 g/cm3
0.512
20
15.2 Tensile Strength
15.3 Viscosity
15.4 Vapor Pressure
15.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
15.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
15.5 Elasticity properties
15.5.1 Shear Modulus
9.90 GPa43.00 GPa
1.3
222
15.5.2 Bulk Modulus
30.50 GPa70.00 GPa
1.6
462
15.5.3 Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa108.00 GPa
1.7
528
15.6 Poisson Ratio
15.7 Other Mechanical Properties
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
16.1.3 Permeability
16.1.4 Susceptibility
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
16.2.2 Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m59.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω0.17 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)0.39 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K25.47 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K116.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.5 Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)30.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol129.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1