1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74406777440199
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
- Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %5 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
- Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,852.00 °C1,072.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C1,900.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa441.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa412.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s2,130.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol544.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol1,070.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol2,260.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol3,990.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr1.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
160.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm198.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm229.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
91.22 amu150.36 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol19.95 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)44.80 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
323.20 pm362.10 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm37.52 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm37.16 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa19.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa37.80 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa49.70 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m0.94 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)0.20 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K29.54 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K13.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)12.70 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol166.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol8.62 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol209.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K69.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1