1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
1.7 Block
1.8 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
1.9 CAS Number
74406777440326
7429905
54386242
2.2 Space Group Name
2.3 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.6.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.6.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.7.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.7.3 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.4 In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,852.00 °C1,750.00 °C
27
3410
5.3 Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C4,790.00 °C
147
5660
6.2 Appearance
6.2.1 Physical State
6.2.2 Color
6.2.3 Luster
6.3 Hardness
6.3.1 Mohs Hardness
6.3.4 Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa390.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.4.3 Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa295.00 MPa
121
3430
6.5 Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
818
16200
7.2 Optical Properties
7.2.1 Refractive Index
7.3.1 Reflectivity
7.5 Allotropes
7.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.3 Isotopes
8.3.1 Known Isotopes
8.5 Electronegativity
8.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.6.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.7.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.7.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.7.3 Allen Electronegativity
8.8 Electropositivity
8.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.9 Ionization Energies
8.9.1 1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.9.2 2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.9.3 3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.9.4 4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.9.5 5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
8.9.6 6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
8.9.7 7th Energy level
8.9.8 8th Energy Level
8.9.9 9th Energy Level
8.9.10 10th Energy Level
8.9.11 11th Energy Level
8.9.12 12th Energy Level
8.9.13 13th Energy Level
8.9.14 14th Energy Level
8.9.15 15th Energy Level
8.9.16 16th Energy Level
8.9.17 17th Energy Level
8.9.18 18th Energy Level
8.9.19 19th Energy Level
8.9.20 20th Energy Level
8.9.21 21st Energy Level
8.9.22 22nd Energy Level
8.9.23 23rd Energy Level
8.9.24 24th Energy Level
8.9.25 25th Energy Level
8.9.26 26th Energy Level
8.9.27 27th Energy Level
8.9.28 28th Energy Level
8.9.29 29th Energy Level
8.9.30 30th Energy Level
8.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
8.11 Electron Work Function
8.12 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
9.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
9.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
9.4.2 Number of Neutrons
9.4.3 Number of Electrons
9.5 Radius of an Atom
9.5.1 Atomic Radius
160.00 pm179.80 pm
112
265
9.5.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm206.00 pm
96
260
9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
9.6 Atomic Weight
91.22 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
9.7 Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.8.1 Previous Element
9.8.2 Next Element
9.9 Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
9.10 Lattice Constant
323.20 pm508.42 pm
228.58
891.25
9.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.2 Tensile Strength
10.3 Viscosity
10.4 Vapor Pressure
10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
10.5 Elasticity properties
10.5.1 Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
10.5.2 Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa54.00 GPa
1.6
462
10.5.3 Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
10.6 Poisson Ratio
10.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
11 Magnetic
11.1 Magnetic Characteristics
11.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
11.1.3 Permeability
11.1.4 Susceptibility
11.2 Electrical Properties
11.2.1 Electrical Property
11.2.2 Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
11.2.4 Electron Affinity
12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
12.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
12.3 Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
12.4 Critical Temperature
12.5 Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
12.6 Enthalpy
12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
12.7 Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1