Zirconium

Thorium

Zirconium Thorium Comparison

Zirconium

Thorium

Add ⊕

1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74406777440326

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Martin Heinrich Klaproth

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1789

In 1829

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

5 * 10^-6 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000004 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.

Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.10 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,852.00 °C1,750.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

4,377.00 °C4,790.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

5.003.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

638.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

820.00 MPa295.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,800.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2428

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.331.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.90NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.221.11

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.32NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.672.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

640.10 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,270.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,218.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,313.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,752.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,500.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.85 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.05 eV3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

4090

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d² 5s²

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

4090

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

51142

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

4090

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

160.00 pm179.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

175.00 pm206.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

91.22 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

14.10 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

80.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

323.20 pm508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.59NA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

6.52 g/cm³11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

5.80 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

330.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

33.00 GPa31.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

91.10 GPa54.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

88.00 GPa79.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.340.27

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

6.5111.70

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Superconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

421.00 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

41.10 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.27 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.36 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

22.60 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

5.70 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

581.60 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

20.90 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

598.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

39.00 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

Compare Transition Metals » More

Zirconium vs Hafnium

Zirconium vs Ruthenium

Zirconium vs Niobium

» More

More Compare Transition Metals

Transition Metals » More

» More

More Transition Met...