Hafnium

thorium

Hafnium mungsuh thorium

Hafnium

thorium

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1 Tabel périodik

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Panggil Group

0 17

1.3 Panggil periode

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

pemblokiran f

1.5 Family unsur

transisi Metal

actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74405867440326

7429905 54386242

1.7 Jeneng papan Group

P63 / mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 facts

2.1 Facts Interesting

Hafnium logam reaktif, Empu ora ketemu gratis ing alam.
metal Hafnium minangka predicated sawise Mendeleev rampung tabel périodik kang.

metal Thorium digunakake minangka pilihan sulih liwat Uranium kanggo bahan bakar nuklir.
Thorium logam katon (putih, alus) iku kaya-kaya padha Lead logam.

2.2 sumber

Miturut-produk Nyaring panggolekan Zirconium

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 sing katutup

Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

2.3.2 Discovery

ing taun 1922

ing 1829

2.4 turah mbrawah

2.4.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Universe

7 * 10^-8 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

3.1.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Sun

~0.0000001 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

3.4.2 Turah mbrawah Ing meteorit

0.00 %0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

3.4.4 Turah mbrawah Ing bumi lemah ndhuwur

0.00 %0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.4.6 Turah mbrawah Ing Segara

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.5.2 Turah mbrawah Ing Manungsa

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1E-13 1.4

4 ulah

4.1 Ulah lan Wuku

Character length exceed error

metal Thorium digunakake minangka agen allying kanggo Magnesium, Iku imparts kekuatan luwih lan resistance kanggo suhu.
senyawa saka logam Thorium oxide digunakake minangka katalis industri.

4.1.1 Ulah Industrial

Industry amunisi

Industry Aerospace, Industry automobile, Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik

4.1.2 Ulah Medical

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

4.1.3 Ulah liyane

wesi, Ing Reactors Nuclear, Nuclear Riset, tujuan Research

wesi, Jewellery, patung, Statues

4.2 Properties biologi

4.2.1 keracunan

Toxic

non Toxic

4.2.2 Saiki ing badan Human

Ora

4.2.3 Sang

ora Sumadhiya0.00 Sang / mg dm-3

0 1970

4.3.1 ing Bone

ora Sumadhiya0.02 ppm

0 170000

5 fisik

5.1 leleh Point

2,150.00 ° C1,750.00 ° C

27 3410

5.5 Boiling Point

5,400.00 ° C4,790.00 ° C

147 5660

5.7 katon

5.7.1 State fisik

Solid

5.7.2 warna

Gray

Silver

5.7.3 luster

metallic

5.8 atose

5.8.1 Mohs atose

5.503.00

0.2 8.5

5.10.1 Brinell atose

1,450.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

6.1.3 Vickers atose

1,520.00 MPa295.00 MPa

121 3430

6.3 Kacepetan swara

3,010.00 m / s2,490.00 m / s

818 16200

6.6 Properties Optical

6.6.1 bias Index

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.000933 1.7229

6.6.2 reflectivity

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

58 97

6.7 allotropes

Ora

6.7.1 α allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

6.7.2 β allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

6.7.3 γ allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

7 Kimia

7.1 Formula Kimia

7.2 isotop

7.2.1 Isotop dikenal

3228

0 38

7.4 keelektronegatifan

7.4.1 Pauling Elektronegativitas

1.301.30

0.7 2.54

7.4.3 Sanderson Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.22 2.56

7.4.5 Allred Rochow Elektronegativitas

1.231.11

0.86 1.82

7.5.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.62 2.48

8.1.4 Allen Elektronegativitas

1.16ora Sumadhiya

0.659 2.7

8.2 Electropositivity

8.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.70

1.46 3.3

8.4 tenogo ionisasi

8.4.1 Level Energy 1st

658.50 kJ / mol587.00 kJ / mol

375.7 26130

8.4.3 Level Energy 2

1,440.00 kJ / mol1,110.00 kJ / mol

710.2162 28750

8.4.5 Level Energy 3rd

2,250.00 kJ / mol1,978.00 kJ / mol

1600 34230

9.1.1 Level Energy 4

3,216.00 kJ / mol2,780.00 kJ / mol

2780 37066

9.2.1 Level Energy 5th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

4305.2 97510

9.3.1 Level Energy 6th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

5715.8 105800

9.4.1 tingkat Energy 7

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

7226.8 114300

9.5.1 Level Energy 8

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

8857.4 125300

9.5.2 Level Energy 9

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

14110 134700

9.6.2 Level Energy 10th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

17100 144300

9.6.4 Level Energy 11

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

19900 169988

9.6.6 Level Energy 12

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

22219 189368

9.7.1 Level Energy 13

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26930 76015

9.7.2 Level Energy 14

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

29196 86450

9.7.3 Level Energy 15

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

41987 97510

9.7.4 Level Energy 16

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

47206 109480

9.7.5 Level Energy 17

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

52737 122200

9.7.6 Level Energy 18

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

58570 134810

9.7.7 Level Energy 19

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

64702 148700

9.7.8 Level Energy 20

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

80400 171200

9.7.9 Level Energy 21

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

87000 179100

9.7.10 Level Energy 22

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

93400 184900

9.7.11 Level Energy 23rd

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

98420 198800

9.7.12 Level Energy 24

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

104400 195200

9.7.13 Level Energy 25th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

121900 121900

9.7.14 Level Energy 26th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

127700 127700

9.7.15 Level Energy 27th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

133800 133800

9.7.16 Level Energy 28th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

139800 139800

9.7.17 Level Energy 29

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

148100 148100

9.7.18 Level Energy 30

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

154500 154500

9.8 padha karo elektrokimia

1.66 g / amp-day2.16 g / amp-day

0.16812 8.3209

9.9 Fungsi Work elektron

3.90 eV3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

9.10 Properties Kimia liyane

anti Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, kelarutan

Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, Radioaktif

10 atom

10.1 Panggil atom

7290

3 117

10.2 Konfigurasi elektron

[Xe] 4F ¹⁴ 5d ² 6s ²

[Rn] 6D ² 7s ²

10.3 Struktur Crystal

Hexagonal Tutup dikempalken (HCP)

Face tengah kubik (FCC)

10.3.1 Crystal pola

10.4 atom

10.4.1 Jumlah proton

7290

3 117

10.4.2 Jumlah Neutron

106142

4 184

10.4.3 Jumlah Èlèktron

7290

3 117

10.5 Radius saka Atom

10.5.1 Radius atom

159.00 pm179.80 pm

112 265

10.5.2 kovalen Radius

175.00 pm206.00 pm

96 260

10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

10.6 Bobot atom

178.49 Amu232.04 Amu

6.94 294

10.7 Volume atom

13.60 cm3 / mol19.90 cm3 / mol

1.39 71.07

10.8 Nomer atom jejer

10.8.1 unsur Previous

10.8.2 Sabanjure unsur

10.9 Potensi Valence Electron

81.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

10.10 Constant pola

319.64 pm508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

10.11 pola Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

10.12 Pola C / A rasio

1.58ora Sumadhiya

1.567 1.886

11 Teknik

11.1 Kapadhetan

11.1.1 Kapadhetan Ing suhu kamar

13.31 g / cm ³11.72 g / cm ³

0.534 40.7

11.1.2 Kapadhetan Nalika Liquid (ing mp)

12.00 g / cm3ora Sumadhiya

0.512 20

11.2 Strength tensile

445.00 MPaora Sumadhiya

2.5 11000

11.3 viskositas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.001526 0.001526

11.4 meksa beluk

11.4.1 Meksa beluk ing 1000 K

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

2.47E-11 121

11.4.2 Meksa beluk ing 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

11.5 situs kelenturan

11.5.1 nyukur pengaturan

30.00 GPA31.00 GPA

1.3 222

11.5.2 pengaturan akeh

110.00 GPA54.00 GPA

1.6 462

11.5.3 Young kang pengaturan

78.00 GPA79.00 GPA

1.7 528

11.6 Poisson rasio

0.370.27

0.032 0.47

11.7 Properties Teknik liyane

ductile, malleable

ductile

12 Magnetic

12.1 Ciri Magnetic

12.1.1 Gravitasi tartamtu

13.3111.70

0.53 4500

12.1.2 Nindakake Magnetic

paramagnetic

12.1.3 permeabilitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.25643E-06 0.0063

12.1.4 kelemahan

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

-0.000166 200000

12.2 Properties Listrik

12.2.1 Property Listrik

Arman

superconductor

12.2.2 resistivity

331.00 nΩ · m157.00 nΩ · m

0.18 961

12.2.3 konduktivitas listrik

0.03 10 ⁶ / cm Ω0.07 10 ⁶ / cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

12.2.4 elektron Affinity

0.00 kJ / molora Sumadhiya

0 222.8

13 termal

13.1 Kalor tartamtu

0.14 J / (kg K)0.12 J / (kg K)

0.11 3.6

13.2 Graham Kapasitas kalor

25.73 J / mol · K26.23 J / mol · K

16.443 62.7

13.3 doyo termal

23.00 W / m · K54.00 W / m · K

6.3 429

13.4 suhu kritis

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26.3 3223

13.5 Expansion termal

5.90 μm / (m · K)11.00 μm / (m · K)

4.5 97

13.6 enthalpy

13.6.1 Enthalpy panguapan

661.10 kJ / mol429.00 kJ / mol

7.32 799.1

13.6.2 Enthalpy saka Fusion

25.10 kJ / mol15.48 kJ / mol

2.1 35.23

13.6.3 Enthalpy saka atomization

703.00 kJ / mol468.60 kJ / mol

61.5 837

13.7 Standard molar Entropy

43.60 J / mol.K27.30 J / mol.K

9.5 198.1

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