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Americium vs Calcium

Americium
Calcium
Calcium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am   
Ca   
Group Number
Not Available   
2   
16
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
s block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440359   
99+
7440702   
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso   
Humphry Davy   
Discovery
In 1944   
In 1808   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
7 * 10-3 %   
3
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.007 %   
4
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
1.10 %   
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
5.00 %   
3
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
1.40 %   
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
994.00 °C   
99+
839.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C   
99+
1,484.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.75   
17
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
170.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Am   
Ca   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16   
23
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.00   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.95   
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.04   
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.08   
17
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.03   
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
3.00   
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol   
99+
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol   
99+
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr   
17
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.87 eV   
38
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
95   
23
20   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2   
[Ar] 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95   
23
20   
99+
Number of Neutrons
148   
12
20   
99+
Number of Electrons
95   
23
20   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm   
21
197.00 pm   
6
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm   
21
176.00 pm   
22
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm   
10
231.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu   
20
40.08 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol   
29
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)   
40
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm   
99+
558.84 pm   
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3   
30
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
13
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
7.40 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
17.00 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
20.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67   
15
4.58   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m   
99+
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)   
99+
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K   
1
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
201.00 W/m·K   
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol   
24
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol   
40
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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