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Americium vs Niobium

Americium
Niobium
Niobium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am  
Nb  
Group Number
10  
8
5  
13
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440359  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
994.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Am  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
95  
23
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95  
23
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
148  
13
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
95  
23
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm  
23
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu  
20
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3  
32
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm3  
26
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa  
32
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa  
36
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67  
26
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K  
99+
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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