Niobium vs Protactinium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Pa
Group Number
5
13
Not Available
Period Number
5
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440133
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
I4/mmm
Space Group Number
229.00
1
139.00
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
- Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1801
In 1900
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
1,568.00 °C
21
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
4,027.00 °C
12
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Pa
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
27
12
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.50
27
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.14
28
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.50
27
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
568.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,814.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,991.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
1.72 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
91
27
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
91
27
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
122
21
Number of Electrons
41
99+
91
27
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
163.00 pm
25
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
11
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
243.00 pm
11
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
231.04 amu
24
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
92.00 (-eV)
11
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
392.50 pm
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
15.37 g/cm3
20
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
Not Available
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Unknown
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
15.37
12
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
177.00 nΩ·m
21
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.05 106/cm Ω
34
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
47.00 W/m·K
32
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
9.90 µm/(m·K)
40
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
12.34 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
198.10 J/mol.K
1
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