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Americium vs Ruthenium

Americium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am  
Ru  
Group Number
10  
8
8  
10
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440359  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
994.00 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Am  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
95  
23
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95  
23
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
148  
13
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
95  
23
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm  
23
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu  
20
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3  
32
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm3  
26
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa  
32
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa  
36
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67  
26
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K  
99+
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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