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Ruthenium vs Protactinium

Ruthenium
Protactinium
Protactinium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Pa   
Group Number
8   
10
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440133   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
I4/mmm   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
139.00   
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1900   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,568.00 °C   
21
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
4,027.00 °C   
12
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Pa   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.50   
27
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.14   
28
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.50   
27
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
568.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
1,814.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
2,991.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.72 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
91   
27
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Tetragonal (TETR)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
91   
27
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
122   
21
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
91   
27
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
163.00 pm   
25
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
200.00 pm   
11
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
243.00 pm   
11
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
231.04 amu   
24
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Thorium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Uranium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
92.00 (-eV)   
11
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
392.50 pm   
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
15.37 g/cm3   
20
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
15.37   
12
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
177.00 nΩ·m   
21
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.05 106/cm Ω   
34
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
47.00 W/m·K   
32
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
9.90 µm/(m·K)   
40
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
12.34 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
198.10 J/mol.K   
1
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