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Protactinium vs Ruthenium

Protactinium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Protactinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pa  
Ru  
Group Number
3  
15
8  
10
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440133  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
I4/mmm  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
139.00  
11
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1900  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,568.00 °C  
21
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
4,027.00 °C  
12
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
125.00 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
220.00 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
12,400.00 m/s  
3
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pa  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.50  
28
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14  
29
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.50  
26
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.50  
32
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.50  
27
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,814.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
2,991.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
56,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
56,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
568.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
568.30 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.72 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.89 eV  
3
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
91  
27
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
91  
27
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
122  
22
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
91  
27
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
163.00 pm  
27
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
200.00 pm  
11
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
243.00 pm  
15
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
231.04 amu  
24
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thorium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Uranium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
92.00 (-eV)  
11
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
392.50 pm  
26
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
36
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.37 g/cm3  
20
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.37 g/cm3  
21
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
47.00 GPa  
26
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
47.00 GPa  
99+
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.37  
23
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
21
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
177.00 nΩ·m  
21
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
39
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
53.03 kJ/mol  
22
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
47.00 W/m·K  
32
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,841.00 K  
25
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
481.00 kJ/mol  
17
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.34 kJ/mol  
34
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
481.90 kJ/mol  
19
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
198.10 J/mol.K  
1
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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