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Ruthenium vs Fermium

Ruthenium
Fermium
Fermium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Fm  
Group Number
8  
10
3  
15
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440724  
19
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,527.00 °C  
26
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Fm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.47 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
100  
18
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
100  
18
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
100  
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
245.00 pm  
13
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
257.00 amu  
15
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
350.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.63  
13
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
50.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
9.70  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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