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Barium vs Hafnium

Barium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Barium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ba   
Hf   
Group Number
2   
16
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440393   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
  • All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
  • Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1772   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
20
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.03 %   
11
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
12
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
  • Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3   
15
Not Available   
In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.   
9
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
725.00 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.25   
19
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s   
99+
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ba   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
37   
2
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.89   
99+
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.68   
28
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97   
38
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.88   
22
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
0.88   
99+
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.11   
4
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol   
14
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr   
20
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV   
99+
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
56   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
56   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
81   
99+
106   
29
Number of Electrons
56   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
222.00 pm   
4
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
215.00 pm   
5
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm   
6
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
137.33 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol   
5
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cesium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Lanthanum
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)   
99+
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
502.80 pm   
15
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm3   
99+
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)   
6
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa   
99+
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa   
99+
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa   
99+
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
3.62   
99+
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m   
13
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
40
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol   
36
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)   
30
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K   
12
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)   
22
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol   
99+
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K   
20
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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