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Berkelium Thorium Comparison

Berkelium
Thorium
Thorium Berkelium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Th  
Group Number
14  
4
0  
18
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
142  
16
Number of Electrons
97  
21
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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