Thorium Berkelium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Bk
Group Number
0
18
Not Available
Period Number
7
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Actinide
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440406
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
- Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Discovery
In 1829
In 1949
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
986.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
2,627.00 °C
40
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Bk
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
14
25
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
2.70
1
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
601.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,434.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
3.07 g/amp-hr
16
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
97
21
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
97
21
Number of Neutrons
142
15
150
11
Number of Electrons
90
28
97
21
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
Not Available
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
Not Available
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
247.00 amu
18
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Not Available
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
45.50 (-eV)
36
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
341.60 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
14.78 g/cm3
22
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
13.25 g/cm3
11
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
Not Available
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
14.00
14
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Not Available
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Not Available
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
10.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Not Available
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
Not Available
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