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Berkelium vs Beryllium

Berkelium
Beryllium
Beryllium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Be  
Group Number
14  
4
2  
16
Period Number
7  
2  
Block
f block  
s block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440417  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1797  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
37
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,278.00 °C  
36
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
2,970.00 °C  
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
White Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
590.00 MPa  
25
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
1,670.00 MPa  
9
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
12,890.00 m/s  
2
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.56  
34
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Be  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.57  
25
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.81  
15
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.47  
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.54  
24
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.58  
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.43  
30
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
24
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
29,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
8
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
14
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,995.00 kJ/mol  
13
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
899.50 kJ/mol  
22
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
899.00 kJ/mol  
12
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
26
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
899.00 kJ/mol  
10
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
31
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
4  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[He] 2s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
4  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
5  
99+
Number of Electrons
97  
21
4  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
112.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
96.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
153.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
9.01 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Lithium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Sodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
82.00 (-eV)  
15
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
228.58 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
287.00 MPa  
16
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
17
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
20
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
132.00 GPa  
7
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
130.00 GPa  
13
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
287.00 GPa  
7
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.03  
36
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
1.85  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
11
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
200.00 W/m·K  
6
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,551.00 K  
39
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
294.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
11.72 kJ/mol  
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
326.40 kJ/mol  
40
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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