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Berkelium vs Palladium

Berkelium
Palladium
Palladium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Pd  
Group Number
14  
4
10  
8
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
97  
21
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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