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Palladium vs Fermium

Palladium
Fermium
Fermium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Fm  
Group Number
10  
8
3  
15
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440724  
19
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
1,527.00 °C  
26
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Fm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
4.47 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
100  
18
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
100  
18
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
100  
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
245.00 pm  
13
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
257.00 amu  
15
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
350.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.63  
13
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
50.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
9.70  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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