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Berkelium vs Zirconium

Berkelium
Zirconium
Zirconium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Zr  
Group Number
14  
4
4  
14
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440677  
23
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1789  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,852.00 °C  
15
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
4,377.00 °C  
11
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
638.00 MPa  
21
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
820.00 MPa  
22
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
3,800.00 m/s  
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.15  
10
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Zr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
24  
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.33  
31
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
0.90  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.22  
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.33  
32
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.32  
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.67  
24
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.05 eV  
34
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
40  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
40  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
51  
99+
Number of Electrons
97  
21
40  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
160.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
91.22 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Yttrium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Niobium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
80.00 (-eV)  
18
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
323.20 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.59  
25
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
12
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
21
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
33.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
91.10 GPa  
18
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
88.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
6.51  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
2,128.00 K  
17
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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