1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74406997440542
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
271.30 °C1,311.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
156.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
148.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
208.98 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
667.40 pm363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa37.90 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa54.80 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
0.00 H/mNA
1.25643E-06
0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1