Calcium

Polonium

Calcium Polonium Comparison

Calcium

Polonium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

216

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Alkaline Earth

Post-Transition

1.6 CAS Number

74407027440086

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

Pm-3m

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00221.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.

It is found in the compound state.

Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Mining, Ores of metals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Humphry Davy

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1808

In 1898

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

7 * 10^-3 %NA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.007 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

1.10 %NA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

5.00 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

1.40 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

60.50 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

170,000.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

839.00 °C254.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,484.00 °C962.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.75NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

170.00 MPaNA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,810.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-polonium

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-polonium

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

1929

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.002.00

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.95NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.041.76

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.082.48

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.032.19

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.002.00

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

589.80 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,145.40 kJ/molNA

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

4,912.40 kJ/molNA

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

6,491.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

8,153.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

10,496.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

12,270.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

14,206.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

18,191.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

20,385.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

57,110.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

63,410.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

70,110.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

78,890.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

86,310.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

94,000.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

104,900.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

111,711.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.75 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

2.87 eVNA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2084

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 4s²

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Monoclinic (MON)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2084

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

20125

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2084

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

197.00 pm168.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

176.00 pm140.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

231.00 pm197.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

40.08 amu209.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

29.90 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

29.00 (-eV)NA

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

558.84 pm335.90 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

1.55 g/cm³9.20 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

1.38 g/cm39.40 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

25.50 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

7.40 GPaNA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

17.00 GPaNA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

20.00 GPaNA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.31NA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

4.589.32

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Nonmagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

33.60 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.30 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

2.37 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.63 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.93 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

201.00 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

22.30 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

150.00 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

8.54 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

184.00 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

41.60 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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