Symbol
Cf
  
Ru
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
7
  
5
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Actinide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  
Karl Ernst Claus
  
Discovery
In 1950
  
In 1844
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
  
~0.0000005 %
  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Medical Research
  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Low Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
No
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
Not Available
  
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
Not Available
  
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C
  
99+
3,900.00 °C
  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
2,160.00 MPa
  
3
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
5,970.00 m/s
  
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Cf
  
Ru
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol
  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol
  
37
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr
  
15
1.26 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Covalent Radius
Not Available
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available
  
8.30 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)
  
38
64.00 (-eV)
  
22
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3
  
21
12.45 g/cm3
  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
10.65 g/cm3
  
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
Not Available
  
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
  
0.14 10
6/cm Ω
  
16
Electron Affinity
Not Available
  
101.30 kJ/mol
  
10
Specific Heat
Not Available
  
0.24 J/(kg K)
  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
  
24.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available
  
117.00 W/m·K
  
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
  
6.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
  
567.80 kJ/mol
  
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available
  
25.50 kJ/mol
  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
  
603.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
  
28.50 J/mol.K
  
99+