Home
Compare Metals


Californium Ruthenium Comparison


Ruthenium Californium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Cf   
Ru   

Group Number
Not Available   
8   
10

Period Number
7   
5   

Block
f block   
d block   

Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   

CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440188   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  

Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Karl Ernst Claus   

Discovery
In 1950   
In 1844   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
4 * 10-7 %   
20

Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000005 %   
22

Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
26

Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
38

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   

Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   

Present in Human Body
No   
No   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Not Available   

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
2,250.00 °C   
8

Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
3,900.00 °C   
14

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silver   
Silvery White   

Luster
NA   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
6.50   
5

Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
2,160.00 MPa   
3

Speed of Sound
Not Available   
5,970.00 m/s   
4

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Cf   
Ru   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
20   
19
26   
13

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.20   
4

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.42   
18

Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.54   
25

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
1.80   
99+

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
710.20 kJ/mol   
32

2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37

4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+

Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.71 eV   
9

Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
98   
20
44   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   

Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
98   
20
44   
99+

Number of Neutrons
153   
9
57   
99+

Number of Electrons
98   
20
44   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
134.00 pm   
99+

Covalent Radius
Not Available   
146.00 pm   
38

Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28

Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
101.07 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
Not Available   
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Technetium
  

Next Element
Rhodium
  

Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
64.00 (-eV)   
22

Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
270.59 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
11

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
12.45 g/cm3   
27

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
10.65 g/cm3   
16

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
23

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
Not Available   
173.00 GPa   
4

Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
220.00 GPa   
7

Young's Modulus
Not Available   
447.00 GPa   
3

Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.30   
14

Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
12.45   
19

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   

Resistivity
Not Available   
71.00 nΩ·m   
38

Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16

Electron Affinity
Not Available   
101.30 kJ/mol   
10

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24

Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+

Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
117.00 W/m·K   
13

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
567.80 kJ/mol   
10

Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
25.50 kJ/mol   
7

Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
603.00 kJ/mol   
9

Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+

Summary >>
<< Thermal

Compare Actinide Series

Actinide Metals

Actinide Metals

» More Actinide Metals

Compare Actinide Series

» More Compare Actinide Series