Symbol
Ru
  
Np
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
5
  
7
  
Block
d block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Actinide
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Pnma
  
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Not Available
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
  
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
  
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson
  
Discovery
In 1844
  
In 1940
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %
  
22
~-9999 %
  
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
- Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
-
Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
NA
  
Medical Uses
Medical Research
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
No
  
In Blood
Not Available
  
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
In Bone
Not Available
  
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
  
14
3,902.00 °C
  
13
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silver
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
  
3
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
  
4
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Ru
  
Np
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
  
32
604.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
  
37
1,997.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
3,242.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.77 g/amp-hr
  
39
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
  
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
  
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
  
99+
11.62 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
  
22
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
  
27
19.38 g/cm3
  
14
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
  
16
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
  
16
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
  
24
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
29.46 J/mol·K
  
8
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
  
13
6.30 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Not Available
  
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
  
7
3.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
  
99+
Not Available