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Californium vs Ruthenium

Californium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Ru   
Group Number
Not Available   
8   
10
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440188   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Karl Ernst Claus   
Discovery
In 1950   
In 1844   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000005 %   
22
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
2,250.00 °C   
8
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
3,900.00 °C   
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
6.50   
5
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Ru   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.20   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.42   
18
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.54   
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.71 eV   
9
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
44   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
44   
99+
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
57   
99+
Number of Electrons
98   
20
44   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
101.07 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
270.59 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
173.00 GPa   
4
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
220.00 GPa   
7
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
447.00 GPa   
3
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
12.45   
19
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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