Cobalt

Polonium

Cobalt vs Polonium

Cobalt

Polonium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

916

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Post-Transition

1.6 CAS Number

74404847440086

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Pm-3m

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00221.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.

It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

2.2 Sources

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Mining, Ores of metals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Georg Brandt

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1732

In 1898

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-4 %NA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0004 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.06 %NA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.04 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.04 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,495.00 °C254.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,870.00 °C962.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

5.00NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

470.00 MPaNA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

1,043.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

4,720.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

67.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

α-Cobalt

α-polonium

4.7.2 β Allotropes

β-Cobalt

β-polonium

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2629

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.882.00

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.56NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.701.76

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA2.48

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.842.19

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.122.00

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

760.40 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,648.00 kJ/molNA

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,232.00 kJ/molNA

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,950.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,670.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,840.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

12,440.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

15,230.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

17,959.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

26,570.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

29,400.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

32,400.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

36,600.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

39,700.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

42,800.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

49,396.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

52,737.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

134,810.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

145,170.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

154,700.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

167,400.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

178,100.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

189,300.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.10 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

5.00 eVNA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2284

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d² 4s²

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Monoclinic (MON)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2284

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

26125

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2284

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

147.00 pm168.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

160.00 pm140.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm197.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

47.87 amu209.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

10.64 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

95.20 (-eV)NA

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

295.08 pm335.90 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

4.51 g/cm³9.20 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

4.11 g/cm39.40 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

434.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.98 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

44.00 GPaNA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

110.00 GPaNA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

116.00 GPaNA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.32NA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

4,500.009.32

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Nonmagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Poor Conductor

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

420.00 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

7.60 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.52 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.06 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

21.90 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

8.60 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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