1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.3 Block
1.4 Element Family
1.5 CAS Number
74405317440542
7429905
54386242
1.6 Space Group Name
1.7 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
Not Available
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.7.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000005 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.9.2 Abundance In Meteorites
2.9.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.4 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.8 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
-
It is used in low energy light bulbs.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.4 In Blood
4.2.8 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
822.00 °C1,311.00 °C
27
3410
5.3 Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
6.4 Appearance
6.4.1 Physical State
6.4.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
6.4.3 Luster
6.5 Hardness
6.5.1 Mohs Hardness
8.2.1 Brinell Hardness
8.7.3 Vickers Hardness
167.00 MPa510.00 MPa
121
3430
8.9 Speed of Sound
8.11 Optical Properties
8.11.1 Refractive Index
9.2.3 Reflectivity
9.4 Allotropes
9.4.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.4.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.4.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10 Chemical
10.1 Chemical Formula
10.2 Isotopes
10.2.1 Known Isotopes
1.4 Electronegativity
1.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.5.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.8.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.12.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13.2 Allen Electronegativity
2.5 Electropositivity
2.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.7 Ionization Energies
2.7.1 1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
2.7.4 2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
2.9.3 3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
2.10.1 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
2.10.4 5th Energy Level
2.10.6 6th Energy Level
2.12.1 7th Energy level
2.12.4 8th Energy Level
3.1.3 9th Energy Level
3.1.6 10th Energy Level
4.2.4 11th Energy Level
4.2.7 12th Energy Level
5.1.1 13th Energy Level
5.1.2 14th Energy Level
5.3.1 15th Energy Level
5.4.3 16th Energy Level
5.6.4 17th Energy Level
5.6.5 18th Energy Level
5.7.2 19th Energy Level
5.7.4 20th Energy Level
5.7.5 21st Energy Level
5.7.8 22nd Energy Level
5.7.10 23rd Energy Level
5.7.12 24th Energy Level
5.8.1 25th Energy Level
5.8.3 26th Energy Level
5.8.5 27th Energy Level
5.9.3 28th Energy Level
5.9.6 29th Energy Level
5.9.7 30th Energy Level
6.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
6.4 Electron Work Function
7.2 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
8 Atomic
8.1 Atomic Number
8.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
8.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
8.3.1 Crystal Lattice
8.4 Atom
8.4.1 Number of Protons
8.4.6 Number of Neutrons
8.4.10 Number of Electrons
8.6 Radius of an Atom
8.6.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
8.6.4 Covalent Radius
198.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
8.6.5 Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
8.8 Atomic Weight
151.96 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
8.10 Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
8.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
8.13.1 Previous Element
8.13.2 Next Element
8.14 Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
8.15 Lattice Constant
458.10 pm363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
9.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
9.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.6 Tensile Strength
11.8 Viscosity
11.9 Vapor Pressure
11.9.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
11.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.11 Elasticity properties
11.11.1 Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
11.13.2 Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa37.90 GPa
1.6
462
11.14.2 Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa54.80 GPa
1.7
528
11.16 Poisson Ratio
11.18 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
12.1.5 Permeability
12.4.1 Susceptibility
12.6 Electrical Properties
12.6.1 Electrical Property
12.6.2 Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.1.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.1.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
14.3 Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
14.5 Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
14.7 Critical Temperature
14.8 Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
14.9 Enthalpy
14.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
14.10.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
14.10.6 Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
14.11 Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1