1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74405427440304
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Per Teodor Cleve
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.00000002 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.8 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.9 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
4.2.5 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,311.00 °C1,545.00 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C1,730.00 °C
147
5660
7.2 Appearance
7.2.1 Physical State
7.2.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
7.2.3 Luster
7.3 Hardness
7.3.1 Mohs Hardness
7.4.1 Brinell Hardness
7.6.2 Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa520.00 MPa
121
3430
7.7 Speed of Sound
7.8 Optical Properties
7.8.1 Refractive Index
7.9.1 Reflectivity
7.10 Allotropes
7.11.2 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.11.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.11.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.2.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.3.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.3.6 Allen Electronegativity
9.4 Electropositivity
9.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.5 Ionization Energies
9.5.1 1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.7.2 3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.7.4 4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.7.6 5th Energy Level
9.7.8 6th Energy Level
9.7.9 7th Energy level
9.7.11 8th Energy Level
9.7.13 9th Energy Level
9.7.15 10th Energy Level
9.7.18 11th Energy Level
9.7.20 12th Energy Level
9.7.22 13th Energy Level
9.7.24 14th Energy Level
9.7.26 15th Energy Level
9.7.27 16th Energy Level
9.7.29 17th Energy Level
9.7.31 18th Energy Level
9.7.33 19th Energy Level
9.7.35 20th Energy Level
9.7.36 21st Energy Level
9.7.38 22nd Energy Level
9.7.40 23rd Energy Level
9.7.42 24th Energy Level
9.7.44 25th Energy Level
9.7.46 26th Energy Level
9.7.48 27th Energy Level
9.7.50 28th Energy Level
9.7.52 29th Energy Level
9.7.54 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
10.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
11.1.1 Number of Neutrons
11.4.2 Number of Electrons
11.5 Radius of an Atom
11.5.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
11.5.2 Covalent Radius
196.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
11.5.4 Van der Waals Radius
11.7 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu168.93 amu
6.94
294
11.8 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.10.1 Previous Element
11.10.2 Next Element
11.11 Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.13 Lattice Constant
363.60 pm353.75 pm
228.58
891.25
11.15 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.17 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.3 Viscosity
13.4 Vapor Pressure
13.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.06 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
13.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.7 Elasticity properties
13.7.1 Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa30.50 GPa
1.3
222
13.8.2 Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa44.50 GPa
1.6
462
13.9.2 Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa74.00 GPa
1.7
528
13.10 Poisson Ratio
13.11 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.4 Permeability
14.2.1 Susceptibility
15.2 Electrical Properties
15.2.1 Electrical Property
15.2.2 Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.2.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.3.3 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.3 Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.2 Critical Temperature
17.4 Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.7.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.8.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.10 Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1