Symbol
Gd
Cs
Group Number
01
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
66
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkali
CAS Number
74405427440462
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00229.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Cesium is the most alkaline metal and is used in atomic clocks.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1880
In 1860
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
-
In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Mildly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.05 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C28.50 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C678.40 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gold
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.500.20
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa0.14 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa0.14 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s1,630.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.971.93
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
59.00 %35.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Gd
Cs
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2636
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.200.79
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.200.22
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.110.86
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.200.62
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.200.66
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.803.21
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol2,234.30 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol3,400.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,760.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,757.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,757.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,750.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol37,500.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,757.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol375.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol375.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr4.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV2.14 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
6455
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 6s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
6455
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
9378
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
6455
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm265.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm244.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm343.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu132.91 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol71.07 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)8.62 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm614.10 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.591.87
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm31.93 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm31.84 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa15.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa1.60 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa1.70 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.260.35
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.901.87
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m205.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol45.50 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K32.21 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K35.90 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K1,938.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)97.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol65.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol2.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol78.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K85.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻