Symbol
Gd
Cn
Group Number
012
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
67
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
744054254084263
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
-
Space Group Number
194.00187.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Copernicium was first synthesized in 1996 by a German research team.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Synthetically Produced
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Discovery
In 1880
In 1996
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %-
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %-
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %-
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Currently known uses of Copernicium metal are limited to research purpose only.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
-
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
-
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C-
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C0.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
-
Luster
Metallic
Unknown Luster
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.504.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa240.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa3,570.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s3,570.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.971.90
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
59.00 %45.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Gd
Cn
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
261
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.201.90
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.201.30
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.90
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.201.90
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.201.90
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.802.00
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol1,154.90 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol2,170.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol4,245.40 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol5,499.70 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,570.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,570.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol4,480.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol5,850.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol4,480.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,570.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol35,700.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol4,480.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol1,157.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol35,700.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol35,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol1,157.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol3,570.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol1,157.60 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol1,157.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol357.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol357.60 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol357.60 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol357.60 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol1,157.00 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol1,157.00 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol357.60 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr3.00 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV4.90 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Number
64112
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
64112
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
93285
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
64112
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm147.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm122.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm0.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu285.00 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol17.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)0.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm-
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
-
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.591.58
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm323.70 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm323.70 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa0.10 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa35.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa0.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.260.35
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.9023.70
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
-
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
-
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m4.90 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.00 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol-
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.10 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K13.10 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K13.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K1,323.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)13.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol357.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol-
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol-
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K55.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻