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Gallium vs Fermium

Gallium
Fermium
Fermium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Fm  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440724  
19
Space Group Name
Cmca  
-  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
1,527.00 °C  
26
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Fm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
4.47 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
100  
18
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
100  
18
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
100  
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
245.00 pm  
13
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
257.00 amu  
15
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
350.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.63  
13
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
9.70  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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