1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74405537440031
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
3.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Charles Hatchett
3.3.3 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.1.1 Abundance In Meteorites
4.1.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.2.1 Abundance In Oceans
4.4.2 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
5.1.4 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.4 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
29.78 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
6.5 Appearance
6.5.1 Physical State
6.5.2 Color
6.5.3 Luster
6.6 Hardness
6.6.1 Mohs Hardness
7.2.2 Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa735.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.3.2 Vickers Hardness
7.4 Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s
818
16200
7.5 Optical Properties
7.5.1 Refractive Index
7.5.3 Reflectivity
7.6 Allotropes
7.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.6 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.7 Ionization Energies
8.7.1 1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.7.2 2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.7.4 3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.7.6 4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.7.9 5th Energy Level
NA4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
8.7.11 6th Energy Level
NA9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
8.7.12 7th Energy level
NA12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
8.7.14 8th Energy Level
8.7.16 9th Energy Level
8.7.17 10th Energy Level
8.7.19 11th Energy Level
8.7.21 12th Energy Level
8.7.23 13th Energy Level
8.7.25 14th Energy Level
8.7.27 15th Energy Level
8.7.29 16th Energy Level
8.7.31 17th Energy Level
8.7.33 18th Energy Level
8.7.35 19th Energy Level
8.7.37 20th Energy Level
8.7.39 21st Energy Level
8.7.41 22nd Energy Level
8.7.43 23rd Energy Level
8.7.45 24th Energy Level
8.7.47 25th Energy Level
8.7.49 26th Energy Level
8.7.51 27th Energy Level
8.7.52 28th Energy Level
8.7.54 29th Energy Level
8.8.1 30th Energy Level
8.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.2 Electron Work Function
9.3 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.5 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
10.6 Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
10.6.1 Crystal Lattice
10.7 Atom
10.7.1 Number of Protons
10.7.3 Number of Neutrons
10.7.5 Number of Electrons
10.9 Radius of an Atom
10.9.1 Atomic Radius
135.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
10.9.3 Covalent Radius
122.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
10.9.5 Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
10.11 Atomic Weight
69.72 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
10.13 Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.16 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.16.1 Previous Element
10.16.2 Next Element
10.17 Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.19 Lattice Constant
451.97 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
10.20 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.21 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.3 Tensile Strength
12.4 Viscosity
12.6 Vapor Pressure
12.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.8 Elasticity properties
12.8.1 Shear Modulus
12.9.2 Bulk Modulus
12.9.4 Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
12.10 Poisson Ratio
12.12 Other Mechanical Properties
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
14.1.2 Permeability
14.1.3 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.3.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.3.5 Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.2 Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.4 Critical Temperature
16.6 Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.8 Enthalpy
16.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.9.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.10.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.11 Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1